Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development

Psychosocial Development in Infancy and Early Childhood

By Kendra Cherry, About.com Guide

What is Psychosocial Development?

Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is one of the best-known theories of personality in psychology. Much like Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. Unlike Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages, Erikson’s theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan.

One of the main elements of Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory is the develoment of ego identity.1 Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction. According to Erikson, our ego identity is constantly changing due to new experience and information we acquire in our daily interactions with others. In addition to ego identity, Erikson also believed that a sense of competence also motivates behaviors and actions. Each stage in Erikson’s theory is concerned with becoming competent in an area of life. If the stage is handled well, the person will feel a sense of mastery, which he sometimes referred to as ego strength or ego quality. If the stage is managed poorly, the person will emerge with a sense of inadequacy.

In each stage, Erikson believed people experience a conflict that serves as a turning point in development. In Erikson’s view, these conflicts are centered on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high, but so is the potential for failure.

Psychosocial Stage 1 - Trust vs. Mistrust

• The first stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development occurs between birth and one year of age and is the most fundamental stage in life.


• Because an infant is utterly dependent, the development of trust is based on the dependability and quality of the child’s caregivers.


• If a child successfully develops trust, he or she will feel safe and secure in the world. Caregivers who are inconsistent, emotionally unavailable, or rejecting contribute to feelings of mistrust in the children they care for. Failure to develop trust will result in fear and a belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable.

Psychosocial Stage 2 - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

• The second stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development takes place during early childhood and is focused on children developing a greater sense of personal control.


• Like Freud, Erikson believed that toilet training was a vital part of this process. However, Erikson's reasoning was quite different then that of Freud's. Erikson believe that learning to control one’s body functions leads to a feeling of control and a sense of independence.


• Other important events include gaining more control over food choices, toy preferences, and clothing selection.


• Children who successfully complete this stage feel secure and confident, while those who do not are left with a sense of inadequacy and self-doubt.

Psychosocial Stage 3 - Initiative vs. Guilt

• During the preschool years, children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interaction.


• Children who are successful at this stage feel capable and able to lead others. Those who fail to acquire these skills are left with a sense of guilt, self-doubt and lack of initiative.

Psychosocial Stage 4 - Industry vs. Inferiority

• This stage covers the early school years from approximately age 5 to 11.


• Through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities.


• Children who are encouraged and commended by parents and teachers develop a feeling of competence and belief in their skills. Those who receive little or no encouragement from parents, teachers, or peers will doubt their ability to be successful.

Psychosocial Stage 5 - Identity vs. Confusion

• During adolescence, children are exploring their independence and developing a sense of self.


• Those who receive proper encouragement and reinforcement through personal exploration will emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self and a feeling of independence and control. Those who remain unsure of their beliefs and desires will insecure and confused about themselves and the future.

Psychosocial Stage 6 - Intimacy vs. Isolation

• This stage covers the period of early adulthood when people are exploring personal relationships.


• Erikson believed it was vital that people develop close, committed relationships with other people. Those who are successful at this step will develop relationships that are committed and secure.


• Remember that each step builds on skills learned in previous steps. Erikson believed that a strong sense of personal identity was important to developing intimate relationships. Studies have demonstrated that those with a poor sense of self tend to have less committed relationships and are more likely to suffer emotional isolation, loneliness, and depression.

Psychosocial Stage 7 - Generativity vs. Stagnation

• During adulthood, we continue to build our lives, focusing on our career and family.


• Those who are successful during this phase will feel that they are contributing to the world by being active in their home and community. Those who fail to attain this skill will feel unproductive and uninvolved in the world.

Psychosocial Stage 8 - Integrity vs. Despair

• This phase occurs during old age and is focused on reflecting back on life.


• Those who are unsuccessful during this phase will feel that their life has been wasted and will experience many regrets. The individual will be left with feelings of bitterness and despair.


• Those who feel proud of their accomplishments will feel a sense of integrity. Successfully completing this phase means looking back with few regrets and a general feeling of satisfaction. These individuals will attain wisdom, even when confronting death.

Source : http://psychology.about.com

Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development

Psychosocial Development in Infancy and Early Childhood

By Kendra Cherry, About.com Guide

What is Psychosocial Development?

Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is one of the best-known theories of personality in psychology. Much like Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. Unlike Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages, Erikson’s theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan.

One of the main elements of Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory is the develoment of ego identity.1 Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction. According to Erikson, our ego identity is constantly changing due to new experience and information we acquire in our daily interactions with others. In addition to ego identity, Erikson also believed that a sense of competence also motivates behaviors and actions. Each stage in Erikson’s theory is concerned with becoming competent in an area of life. If the stage is handled well, the person will feel a sense of mastery, which he sometimes referred to as ego strength or ego quality. If the stage is managed poorly, the person will emerge with a sense of inadequacy.

In each stage, Erikson believed people experience a conflict that serves as a turning point in development. In Erikson’s view, these conflicts are centered on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal growth is high, but so is the potential for failure.

Psychosocial Stage 1 - Trust vs. Mistrust

• The first stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development occurs between birth and one year of age and is the most fundamental stage in life.


• Because an infant is utterly dependent, the development of trust is based on the dependability and quality of the child’s caregivers.


• If a child successfully develops trust, he or she will feel safe and secure in the world. Caregivers who are inconsistent, emotionally unavailable, or rejecting contribute to feelings of mistrust in the children they care for. Failure to develop trust will result in fear and a belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable.

Psychosocial Stage 2 - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

• The second stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development takes place during early childhood and is focused on children developing a greater sense of personal control.


• Like Freud, Erikson believed that toilet training was a vital part of this process. However, Erikson's reasoning was quite different then that of Freud's. Erikson believe that learning to control one’s body functions leads to a feeling of control and a sense of independence.


• Other important events include gaining more control over food choices, toy preferences, and clothing selection.


• Children who successfully complete this stage feel secure and confident, while those who do not are left with a sense of inadequacy and self-doubt.

Psychosocial Stage 3 - Initiative vs. Guilt

• During the preschool years, children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interaction.


• Children who are successful at this stage feel capable and able to lead others. Those who fail to acquire these skills are left with a sense of guilt, self-doubt and lack of initiative.

Psychosocial Stage 4 - Industry vs. Inferiority

• This stage covers the early school years from approximately age 5 to 11.


• Through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities.


• Children who are encouraged and commended by parents and teachers develop a feeling of competence and belief in their skills. Those who receive little or no encouragement from parents, teachers, or peers will doubt their ability to be successful.

Psychosocial Stage 5 - Identity vs. Confusion

• During adolescence, children are exploring their independence and developing a sense of self.


• Those who receive proper encouragement and reinforcement through personal exploration will emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self and a feeling of independence and control. Those who remain unsure of their beliefs and desires will insecure and confused about themselves and the future.

Psychosocial Stage 6 - Intimacy vs. Isolation

• This stage covers the period of early adulthood when people are exploring personal relationships.


• Erikson believed it was vital that people develop close, committed relationships with other people. Those who are successful at this step will develop relationships that are committed and secure.


• Remember that each step builds on skills learned in previous steps. Erikson believed that a strong sense of personal identity was important to developing intimate relationships. Studies have demonstrated that those with a poor sense of self tend to have less committed relationships and are more likely to suffer emotional isolation, loneliness, and depression.

Psychosocial Stage 7 - Generativity vs. Stagnation

• During adulthood, we continue to build our lives, focusing on our career and family.


• Those who are successful during this phase will feel that they are contributing to the world by being active in their home and community. Those who fail to attain this skill will feel unproductive and uninvolved in the world.

Psychosocial Stage 8 - Integrity vs. Despair

• This phase occurs during old age and is focused on reflecting back on life.


• Those who are unsuccessful during this phase will feel that their life has been wasted and will experience many regrets. The individual will be left with feelings of bitterness and despair.


• Those who feel proud of their accomplishments will feel a sense of integrity. Successfully completing this phase means looking back with few regrets and a general feeling of satisfaction. These individuals will attain wisdom, even when confronting death.

Source : http://psychology.about.com

Nursing Care Plan for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a severe, potentially deadly infection spread by certain species of mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti).


Causes

Four different dengue viruses are known to cause dengue hemorrhagic fever. Dengue hemorrhagic fever occurs when a person catches a different type dengue virus after being infected by another one sometime before. Prior immunityimmunity to a different dengue virus type plays an important role in this severe disease.

Worldwide, more than 100 million cases of dengue fever occur every year. A small number of these develop into dengue hemorrhagic fever. Most infections in the United States are brought in from other countries. It is possible for a traveler who has returned to the United States to pass the infection to someone who has not traveled.

Risk factors for dengue hemorrhagic fever include having antibodies to dengue virus from prior infection and being younger than 12, female, or Caucasian.


Symptoms

Early symptoms of dengue hemorrhagic fever are similar to those of dengue fever, but after several days the patient becomes irritable, restlessrestless, and sweaty. These symptoms are followed by a shockshock -like state.

Bleeding may appear as tiny spots of blood on the skin (petechiaepetechiae) and larger patches of blood under the skin (ecchymosesecchymoses). Minor injuries may cause bleeding.

Shock may cause death. If the patient survives, recovery begins after a one-day crisis period.

Early symptoms include:

* Decreased appetite
* Fever
* Headache
* Joint aches
* MalaiseMalaise
* Muscle aches
* Vomiting

AcuteAcute phase symptoms include:

* Restlessness followed by:
o Ecchymosis
o Generalized rash
o Petechiae
o Worsening of earlier symptoms
* Shock-like state
o Cold, clammy extremities
o Sweatiness (diaphoretic)

Nursing Care Plan for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)

Assessment
Assessment is the initial phase of the nurse to obtain the required data before performing nursing care. assessment in patients with "DHF" can be done with the interview technique, measurement, and physical examination. As for step-stages include:
* Identify potential sources and are available to meet patient needs.
* Assess the patient's medical history.
* Assess the increase in body temperature, signs of hemorrhage, nausea, vomiting, no appetite, heartburn, sore muscles and joints, signs of shock (rapid and weak pulse, hypotension, cold and moist skin, especially on the extremities, cyanosis, agitation, decreased consciousness).


Nursing Diagnosis and Intervention

1. Disorders of body fluid volume is less than body requirements related to increased capillary permeability, bleeding, vomiting and fever.

Objective: Disorders of body fluid volume can be solved
Result Criteria :
* Volume of body fluids back to normal

Intervention :
* Assess the patient's general condition and the condition
* Observation of vital signs (Temperature, Pulse)
Observation * signs of dehydration
* Observations drip infusion, and the location of the insertion of intravenous needles
* Balance fluid (the fluid input and output)
* Give the patient and family encourage patients to drink plenty
* Instruct the patient's family to change his clothes soaked in patients
sweat.

Nursing Care Plan for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a severe, potentially deadly infection spread by certain species of mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti).


Causes

Four different dengue viruses are known to cause dengue hemorrhagic fever. Dengue hemorrhagic fever occurs when a person catches a different type dengue virus after being infected by another one sometime before. Prior immunityimmunity to a different dengue virus type plays an important role in this severe disease.

Worldwide, more than 100 million cases of dengue fever occur every year. A small number of these develop into dengue hemorrhagic fever. Most infections in the United States are brought in from other countries. It is possible for a traveler who has returned to the United States to pass the infection to someone who has not traveled.

Risk factors for dengue hemorrhagic fever include having antibodies to dengue virus from prior infection and being younger than 12, female, or Caucasian.


Symptoms

Early symptoms of dengue hemorrhagic fever are similar to those of dengue fever, but after several days the patient becomes irritable, restlessrestless, and sweaty. These symptoms are followed by a shockshock -like state.

Bleeding may appear as tiny spots of blood on the skin (petechiaepetechiae) and larger patches of blood under the skin (ecchymosesecchymoses). Minor injuries may cause bleeding.

Shock may cause death. If the patient survives, recovery begins after a one-day crisis period.

Early symptoms include:

* Decreased appetite
* Fever
* Headache
* Joint aches
* MalaiseMalaise
* Muscle aches
* Vomiting

AcuteAcute phase symptoms include:

* Restlessness followed by:
o Ecchymosis
o Generalized rash
o Petechiae
o Worsening of earlier symptoms
* Shock-like state
o Cold, clammy extremities
o Sweatiness (diaphoretic)

Nursing Care Plan for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)

Assessment
Assessment is the initial phase of the nurse to obtain the required data before performing nursing care. assessment in patients with "DHF" can be done with the interview technique, measurement, and physical examination. As for step-stages include:
* Identify potential sources and are available to meet patient needs.
* Assess the patient's medical history.
* Assess the increase in body temperature, signs of hemorrhage, nausea, vomiting, no appetite, heartburn, sore muscles and joints, signs of shock (rapid and weak pulse, hypotension, cold and moist skin, especially on the extremities, cyanosis, agitation, decreased consciousness).


Nursing Diagnosis and Intervention

1. Disorders of body fluid volume is less than body requirements related to increased capillary permeability, bleeding, vomiting and fever.

Objective: Disorders of body fluid volume can be solved
Result Criteria :
* Volume of body fluids back to normal

Intervention :
* Assess the patient's general condition and the condition
* Observation of vital signs (Temperature, Pulse)
Observation * signs of dehydration
* Observations drip infusion, and the location of the insertion of intravenous needles
* Balance fluid (the fluid input and output)
* Give the patient and family encourage patients to drink plenty
* Instruct the patient's family to change his clothes soaked in patients
sweat.

Treatment for Pulmonary Tuberculosis

The goal of treatment is to cure the infection with drugs that fight the TB bacteria. Treatment of active pulmonary TB will always involve a combination of many drugs (usually four drugs). All of the drugs are continued until lab tests show which medicines work best.

The most commonly used drugs include:

* Isoniazid
* Rifampin
* Pyrazinamide
* Ethambutol

Other drugs that may be used to treat TB include:

* Amikacin
* Ethionamide
* Moxifloxacin
* Para-aminosalicylic acid
* Streptomycin

You may need to take many different pills at different times of the day for 1 year or longer. It is very important that you take the pills the way your health care provider instructed.

When people do not take their tuberculosis medications as recommended, the infection becomes much more difficult to treat. The TB bacteria may become resistant to treatment, and sometimes, the drugs no longer help treat the infection.

When there is a concern that a patient may not take all the medication as directed, a health care provider may need to watch the person take the prescribed drugs. This is called directly observed therapy. In this case, drugs may be given 2 or 3 times per week, as prescribed by a doctor.

You may need to be admitted to a hospital for 2 - 4 weeks to avoid spreading the disease to others until you are no longer contagious.

Your doctor or nurse is required by law to report your TB illness to the local health department. Your health care team will be sure that you receive the best care for your TB.

Source : http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000077.htm

Treatment for Pulmonary Tuberculosis

The goal of treatment is to cure the infection with drugs that fight the TB bacteria. Treatment of active pulmonary TB will always involve a combination of many drugs (usually four drugs). All of the drugs are continued until lab tests show which medicines work best.

The most commonly used drugs include:

* Isoniazid
* Rifampin
* Pyrazinamide
* Ethambutol

Other drugs that may be used to treat TB include:

* Amikacin
* Ethionamide
* Moxifloxacin
* Para-aminosalicylic acid
* Streptomycin

You may need to take many different pills at different times of the day for 1 year or longer. It is very important that you take the pills the way your health care provider instructed.

When people do not take their tuberculosis medications as recommended, the infection becomes much more difficult to treat. The TB bacteria may become resistant to treatment, and sometimes, the drugs no longer help treat the infection.

When there is a concern that a patient may not take all the medication as directed, a health care provider may need to watch the person take the prescribed drugs. This is called directly observed therapy. In this case, drugs may be given 2 or 3 times per week, as prescribed by a doctor.

You may need to be admitted to a hospital for 2 - 4 weeks to avoid spreading the disease to others until you are no longer contagious.

Your doctor or nurse is required by law to report your TB illness to the local health department. Your health care team will be sure that you receive the best care for your TB.

Source : http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000077.htm

Callista Roy ppt (YouTube)

Callista Roy ppt (YouTube)

Callista Roy ppt (YouTube)

Callista Roy ppt (YouTube)

The Life of Florence Nightingale

The Life of Florence Nightingale

The Life of Florence Nightingale

The Life of Florence Nightingale

Who was Florence Nightingale?

Who was Florence Nightingale?

Who was Florence Nightingale?

Who was Florence Nightingale?

Notes on Nursing by Florence Nightingale (Video)

Notes on Nursing by Florence Nightingale (Video)

Notes on Nursing by Florence Nightingale (Video)

Notes on Nursing by Florence Nightingale (Video)

BSN 2-B DOROTHEA OREM (Youtube)

BSN 2-B DOROTHEA OREM (Youtube)

BSN 2-B DOROTHEA OREM (Youtube)

BSN 2-B DOROTHEA OREM (Youtube)

Betty Neuman's Systems Model of Nursing (YouTube)

Betty Neuman's Systems Model of Nursing (Youtube)

Betty Neuman's Systems Model of Nursing (YouTube)

Betty Neuman's Systems Model of Nursing (Youtube)

Peplau Theory (Video)

Peplau Theory (Video)

Peplau Theory (Video)

Peplau Theory (Video)

14 Basic Needs Of Virginia Henderson (Video)

Video: 14 Basic Needs Of Virginia Henderson

14 Basic Needs Of Virginia Henderson (Video)

Video: 14 Basic Needs Of Virginia Henderson

History of Nursing Models

History of Nursing Models

There is no specific date and place nursing theory took place. The evolution of nursing is not a new process, it has been in occurrence since the most basic of medical interventions started to be practiced. Within the western model of nursing there is a clear progression of nursing from mothers, to nuns, to doctor "assistants", to finally being recognized as a separate, complementary role in the medical team. Presently nurses have more autonomy than ever, and on going theory development and an exploration of professional borders are essential for the continued growth of the professional.

Major Nursing Theorists :

* Helen Erickson
* Virginia Henderson
* Imogene King
* Madeleine Leininger
* Betty Neuman
* Dorothea Orem
* Ida Jean Orlando (Pelletier)
* Hildegard Peplau
* Rosemarie Rizzo-Parse
* Isabel Hampton Robb
* Martha E. Rogers
* Callista Roy
* Katharine Kolcaba
* Katie Eriksson
* Dr. Jean Watson
* Paterson & Zderad
* Boykin & Schoenhofer

According to nursing history the most famous of all nurses is Florence Nightingale. Nightingale never actually devised a nursing theory science but was recognized with same by others who considered her personal works and communications into a theoretical framework such as her well-known value of nursing which is Bedside Care Nursing.

en.wikipedia.org

History of Nursing Models

History of Nursing Models

There is no specific date and place nursing theory took place. The evolution of nursing is not a new process, it has been in occurrence since the most basic of medical interventions started to be practiced. Within the western model of nursing there is a clear progression of nursing from mothers, to nuns, to doctor "assistants", to finally being recognized as a separate, complementary role in the medical team. Presently nurses have more autonomy than ever, and on going theory development and an exploration of professional borders are essential for the continued growth of the professional.

Major Nursing Theorists :

* Helen Erickson
* Virginia Henderson
* Imogene King
* Madeleine Leininger
* Betty Neuman
* Dorothea Orem
* Ida Jean Orlando (Pelletier)
* Hildegard Peplau
* Rosemarie Rizzo-Parse
* Isabel Hampton Robb
* Martha E. Rogers
* Callista Roy
* Katharine Kolcaba
* Katie Eriksson
* Dr. Jean Watson
* Paterson & Zderad
* Boykin & Schoenhofer

According to nursing history the most famous of all nurses is Florence Nightingale. Nightingale never actually devised a nursing theory science but was recognized with same by others who considered her personal works and communications into a theoretical framework such as her well-known value of nursing which is Bedside Care Nursing.

en.wikipedia.org

Dorothea Orem's Theory

Dorothea Orem

View more documents from guestd1de4660.

Dorothea Orem's Theory

Dorothea Orem

View more documents from guestd1de4660.

NANDA Approved Nursing Diagnosis 2009-2011

NANDA Approved Nursing Diagnosis 2007-2008 contains 188 nursing diagnosis, latest NANDA-I Approved Nursing Diagnosis 2009-2011 contains an additional 21 new nursing diagnosis, 9 revisions diagnosis and some of diagnosis are not used again. Total nursing diagnosis at this time is 205 nursing diagnosis.

Nanda I usually revised every 2 years, but this time NANDA I publish a list of NANDA Nursing Diagnosis for period of three years.

for complete list of NANDA Approved Nursing Diagnosis 2009-2011, --> here <--

NANDA Approved Nursing Diagnosis 2009-2011

NANDA Approved Nursing Diagnosis 2007-2008 contains 188 nursing diagnosis, latest NANDA-I Approved Nursing Diagnosis 2009-2011 contains an additional 21 new nursing diagnosis, 9 revisions diagnosis and some of diagnosis are not used again. Total nursing diagnosis at this time is 205 nursing diagnosis.

Nanda I usually revised every 2 years, but this time NANDA I publish a list of NANDA Nursing Diagnosis for period of three years.

for complete list of NANDA Approved Nursing Diagnosis 2009-2011, --> here <--

Healthy Diet for Diabetes

Many of the Guide to Healthy Diet for Diabetes. The tips below may also help increase knowledge about, Healthy Diet for Diabetes :

A healthy diet for diabetics is very important, because it is key to the success of controlling the disease. Without setting a good diet, tend to be poorly controlled diabetes, the more severe, and can cause various complications.

One of the factors that contribute to healthy diabetic diet is a selection of food. Not all foods suitable for diabetics. Therefore, it is important to determine what types of foods should be consumed.

According to the American Diabetes Association (Mayoclinic, 2008), people with diabetes should consider the following in choosing food.

Many eat healthy foods containing carbohydrates

Healthy carbohydrate sources are fruits, vegetables, flour, beans, and low-fat dairy products.

However, although allowed, the pattern of carbohydrate consumption should still be noted. We recommend the same amount of carbohydrates consumed amount for each meal. Similarly, the total daily carbohydrate, should be the same from day to day. The goal, in order to keep blood sugar stable, not up and down.

Many fiber-rich foods

Fiber is a substance found in foods that are not absorbed by the body. However, fiber is very important functions. One is to help lower blood sugar and cholesterol levels.

Examples of fiber-rich foods are peas, beans, apples, oranges, carrots, cassava leaves, kale, spinach, etc..

The body requires at least 25-50 grams of fiber each day.

Limiting foods containing saturated fat

One of the serious complications of diabetes is a disorder of the blood vessels of the heart and brain. These disorders can lead to coronary heart disease and stroke. In order for this disorder from getting worse, so diabetics should avoid consuming foods that contain lots of saturated fat. Examples are butter and margarine.

Avoid foods containing high cholesterol

Just like saturated fat, high cholesterol foods can also increase the likelihood of coronary heart disease and stroke in diabetics. Therefore, it is wise to avoid high cholesterol foods like offal or egg yolks.

Expand eating fish

Fish contains omega-3 fatty acids are extremely beneficial to heart health. Fish can also become a source of protein substitute for meat or eggs. But keep in mind, avoid serving it in the form of fried fish.

Healthy Diet for Diabetes

Many of the Guide to Healthy Diet for Diabetes. The tips below may also help increase knowledge about, Healthy Diet for Diabetes :

A healthy diet for diabetics is very important, because it is key to the success of controlling the disease. Without setting a good diet, tend to be poorly controlled diabetes, the more severe, and can cause various complications.

One of the factors that contribute to healthy diabetic diet is a selection of food. Not all foods suitable for diabetics. Therefore, it is important to determine what types of foods should be consumed.

According to the American Diabetes Association (Mayoclinic, 2008), people with diabetes should consider the following in choosing food.

Many eat healthy foods containing carbohydrates

Healthy carbohydrate sources are fruits, vegetables, flour, beans, and low-fat dairy products.

However, although allowed, the pattern of carbohydrate consumption should still be noted. We recommend the same amount of carbohydrates consumed amount for each meal. Similarly, the total daily carbohydrate, should be the same from day to day. The goal, in order to keep blood sugar stable, not up and down.

Many fiber-rich foods

Fiber is a substance found in foods that are not absorbed by the body. However, fiber is very important functions. One is to help lower blood sugar and cholesterol levels.

Examples of fiber-rich foods are peas, beans, apples, oranges, carrots, cassava leaves, kale, spinach, etc..

The body requires at least 25-50 grams of fiber each day.

Limiting foods containing saturated fat

One of the serious complications of diabetes is a disorder of the blood vessels of the heart and brain. These disorders can lead to coronary heart disease and stroke. In order for this disorder from getting worse, so diabetics should avoid consuming foods that contain lots of saturated fat. Examples are butter and margarine.

Avoid foods containing high cholesterol

Just like saturated fat, high cholesterol foods can also increase the likelihood of coronary heart disease and stroke in diabetics. Therefore, it is wise to avoid high cholesterol foods like offal or egg yolks.

Expand eating fish

Fish contains omega-3 fatty acids are extremely beneficial to heart health. Fish can also become a source of protein substitute for meat or eggs. But keep in mind, avoid serving it in the form of fried fish.

Treatment of Hypogonadism in Men with HIV Infection

By Joseph Cofrancesco, Jr., M.D. and Adrian Dobs, M.D., M.H.S.

Introduction: A number of endocrine abnormalities have been reported in people infected with HIV. Among these, hypogonadism is well described, particularly as men progress to AIDS and in those who are wasting. Testosterone has both anabolic and androgenic effects. Although there has been a study showing improvement in quality of life in HIV-positive men treated with high doses of Testosterone, there is no data confirming its usefulness as an anabolic agent. The recommendation is that Testosterone should not be used unless hypogonadism is proven.

Diagnosis: Although some patients present with classical signs and symptoms of androgen deficiency, many have less specific complaints. Symptoms may be particularly difficult to notice in patients with AIDS. Complaints may include decreased libido, erectile function, fatigue, depression, decreased frequency of shaving, and decreased bone density. Laboratory tests should include a total and free (or bioavailable) testosterone, FSH and LH.

Intramuscular Testosterone: Oral administration of testosterone is not practical and is generally not available in the US. The most commonly used testosterone replacement is intramuscular depot injections. This route has the advantages of ensuring delivery to the patient without concerns of patches slipping off or doses being forgotten. The drug itself is inexpensive. A significant problem is the rapid serum peak to supraphysiologic levels, reached between hours to a few days after injection of testosterone enanthate, then a gradual decline over the following weeks. There is no circadian variation in delivery.

Optimal dosing appears to be 200 mg IM testosterone enanthate every two weeks. Injections can be painful, especially in wasted patients, and usually require an office visit. Additional side effects, common to all forms of androgen replacement, may include acne and gynecomastia. Salt retention may be a problem in patients with preexisting congestive heart failure, cirrhosis or nephrosis.

Testoderm scrotal patch: The TestodermR Testosterone Transdermal System is placed on clean, dry scrotal skin. The dosage is a 6 mg patch which is applied at 9 a.m. and worn for 22 to 24 hours each day. The scrotal hair must be dry-shaved for optimal contact; chemical depilatories should not be used. Men may be required to change to close-fitting underwear, and exercise and hot weather may cause the patch to come off. Follow-up bloods for total testosterone should be obtained 2-4 hours after patch placement 4-6 weeks after continuous therapy. If adequate levels are not reached by the end of 2 months, another form of therapy may be required.

In long term studies of hypogonadal HIV negative men, 60% maintained normal serum testosterone levels. Serum dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels were elevated in all patients who had increases in serum testosterone levels.The significance of the increased DHT is unknown. Self report of mood, energy level and frequency of sexual thoughts and intercourse all increased over baseline, with nearly 50% of the patients reporting increases by week three.The most common side effect was local skin problems.

Androderm nonscrotal patches: Androderm R is a permeation-enhanced testosterone transdermal system that is applied to nonscrotal skin. Again, all studies were conducted on HIV negative, hypogonadal men, with no published literature on the use of Androderm in HIV positive subjects. Dosage is two patches, applied nightly in a rotating manner on the back, abdomen, upper arm or thigh.

In three clinical trials of 121 hypogonadal men, 92% of subjects achieved normal morning testosterone levels and 88% bioavailable testosterone. Pharmacokinetic studies show a steady testosterone level in a pattern mimicking the normal circadian.

Self-reported symptoms of impotence, decreased libido, fatigue, hot flashes and depression all improved. No changes were noted in aggression or hostility. In previously nonvirilized subjects treatment led to virilization and increases in lean body mass.

The most common adverse event was local skin irritation. In long term follow-up, 53% noted some form of local reaction at the application site. Of 121 men treated, 12 patients (9.8%) discontinued therapy due to a site reaction. Pruritus is the most common reaction reported (37%), followed by local blister formation (12%) or erythema (7%).

Contraindications to testosterone therapy: Androgen replacement is contra-indicated in men with known or suspected breast cancer, prostate cancer or Kaposi sarcoma. Fertility will decrease during testosterone treatment. Decreases in serum HDL, gynecomastia, and increases in prostate size are similar in all forms of TRT and generally not clinically significant.

Future research: Studies are now ongoing to evaluate the benefits of Testosterone on body composition in men with wasting (contact JC at 410-955-1373 or 955-9862). Previous studies demonstrated the nitrogen-retaining activity of synthetic testosterone in hypogonadal men.

Joseph Cofrancesco, M.D. is a fellow in general internal medicine at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

Source : www.thebody.com

Treatment of Hypogonadism in Men with HIV Infection

By Joseph Cofrancesco, Jr., M.D. and Adrian Dobs, M.D., M.H.S.

Introduction: A number of endocrine abnormalities have been reported in people infected with HIV. Among these, hypogonadism is well described, particularly as men progress to AIDS and in those who are wasting. Testosterone has both anabolic and androgenic effects. Although there has been a study showing improvement in quality of life in HIV-positive men treated with high doses of Testosterone, there is no data confirming its usefulness as an anabolic agent. The recommendation is that Testosterone should not be used unless hypogonadism is proven.

Diagnosis: Although some patients present with classical signs and symptoms of androgen deficiency, many have less specific complaints. Symptoms may be particularly difficult to notice in patients with AIDS. Complaints may include decreased libido, erectile function, fatigue, depression, decreased frequency of shaving, and decreased bone density. Laboratory tests should include a total and free (or bioavailable) testosterone, FSH and LH.

Intramuscular Testosterone: Oral administration of testosterone is not practical and is generally not available in the US. The most commonly used testosterone replacement is intramuscular depot injections. This route has the advantages of ensuring delivery to the patient without concerns of patches slipping off or doses being forgotten. The drug itself is inexpensive. A significant problem is the rapid serum peak to supraphysiologic levels, reached between hours to a few days after injection of testosterone enanthate, then a gradual decline over the following weeks. There is no circadian variation in delivery.

Optimal dosing appears to be 200 mg IM testosterone enanthate every two weeks. Injections can be painful, especially in wasted patients, and usually require an office visit. Additional side effects, common to all forms of androgen replacement, may include acne and gynecomastia. Salt retention may be a problem in patients with preexisting congestive heart failure, cirrhosis or nephrosis.

Testoderm scrotal patch: The TestodermR Testosterone Transdermal System is placed on clean, dry scrotal skin. The dosage is a 6 mg patch which is applied at 9 a.m. and worn for 22 to 24 hours each day. The scrotal hair must be dry-shaved for optimal contact; chemical depilatories should not be used. Men may be required to change to close-fitting underwear, and exercise and hot weather may cause the patch to come off. Follow-up bloods for total testosterone should be obtained 2-4 hours after patch placement 4-6 weeks after continuous therapy. If adequate levels are not reached by the end of 2 months, another form of therapy may be required.

In long term studies of hypogonadal HIV negative men, 60% maintained normal serum testosterone levels. Serum dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels were elevated in all patients who had increases in serum testosterone levels.The significance of the increased DHT is unknown. Self report of mood, energy level and frequency of sexual thoughts and intercourse all increased over baseline, with nearly 50% of the patients reporting increases by week three.The most common side effect was local skin problems.

Androderm nonscrotal patches: Androderm R is a permeation-enhanced testosterone transdermal system that is applied to nonscrotal skin. Again, all studies were conducted on HIV negative, hypogonadal men, with no published literature on the use of Androderm in HIV positive subjects. Dosage is two patches, applied nightly in a rotating manner on the back, abdomen, upper arm or thigh.

In three clinical trials of 121 hypogonadal men, 92% of subjects achieved normal morning testosterone levels and 88% bioavailable testosterone. Pharmacokinetic studies show a steady testosterone level in a pattern mimicking the normal circadian.

Self-reported symptoms of impotence, decreased libido, fatigue, hot flashes and depression all improved. No changes were noted in aggression or hostility. In previously nonvirilized subjects treatment led to virilization and increases in lean body mass.

The most common adverse event was local skin irritation. In long term follow-up, 53% noted some form of local reaction at the application site. Of 121 men treated, 12 patients (9.8%) discontinued therapy due to a site reaction. Pruritus is the most common reaction reported (37%), followed by local blister formation (12%) or erythema (7%).

Contraindications to testosterone therapy: Androgen replacement is contra-indicated in men with known or suspected breast cancer, prostate cancer or Kaposi sarcoma. Fertility will decrease during testosterone treatment. Decreases in serum HDL, gynecomastia, and increases in prostate size are similar in all forms of TRT and generally not clinically significant.

Future research: Studies are now ongoing to evaluate the benefits of Testosterone on body composition in men with wasting (contact JC at 410-955-1373 or 955-9862). Previous studies demonstrated the nitrogen-retaining activity of synthetic testosterone in hypogonadal men.

Joseph Cofrancesco, M.D. is a fellow in general internal medicine at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

Source : www.thebody.com

Mothers Who Lose Weight Before Further Pregnancy ‘Reduce Risks’

Institute also warns against trying to lose weight too quickly after pregnancy. Photograph: Katie Collins/PA

Women are to be told they should aim to lose all their baby weight before getting pregnant again or face an increased risk of complications, under official health guidance published today.

The advice on dealing with problems of excess weight and obesity before, during and after pregnancy warns mothers-to-be it is a myth they should “eat for two” or drink full-fat milk, with such actions likely to make them put on unnecessary weight they might struggle to shift.

A woman’s energy needs only increase in the last three months of pregnancy, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (Nice) says, and then only by around 200 calories a day – less than an average chocolate bar.

Research shows that retaining even one or two pounds after giving birth can make problems more likely in a subsequent pregnancy, experts said, with women who have several children facing a “slippery slope” if they continue to gain weight each time.

But Nice also warns against trying to lose weight too quickly, and says media stories about celebrity claims of “unrealistic and rapid weight loss” after pregnancy were unhelpful. “This may create additional pressure on women to lose weight inappropriately at an already stressful time,” its guidance says. Pregnant women should also be told that moderate physical activity, like cycling to work, will not harm them or their unborn children.

The document, which outlines the importance of achieving a healthy weight and body mass index (BMI) before getting pregnant, is published amid growing evidence of the risks female obesity poses for mother and baby. These include miscarriages, pre-eclampsia, diabetes, and maternal death. Babies born to obese women face a higher risk of death, stillbirth, congenital abnormality, shoulder dystocia – where a baby’s shoulder becomes stuck during birth – and an increased likelihood of childhood obesity.

Statistics suggest 15%-20% of women getting pregnant are overweight or obese, with the number in the obese category estimated to have doubled over the last 20 years. Lucilla Poston, director of maternal and foetal research at King’s College London, said health professionals were dealing with “an epidemic of obesity” among pregnant women that put them at increased risk of “almost every complication in the book”.

She added that implementing the guidance would lead to large cost savings in the medium- to long-term.

http://www.imanka.com/mothers-who-lose-weight-before-further-pregnancy-reduce-risks.html

Mothers Who Lose Weight Before Further Pregnancy ‘Reduce Risks’

Institute also warns against trying to lose weight too quickly after pregnancy. Photograph: Katie Collins/PA

Women are to be told they should aim to lose all their baby weight before getting pregnant again or face an increased risk of complications, under official health guidance published today.

The advice on dealing with problems of excess weight and obesity before, during and after pregnancy warns mothers-to-be it is a myth they should “eat for two” or drink full-fat milk, with such actions likely to make them put on unnecessary weight they might struggle to shift.

A woman’s energy needs only increase in the last three months of pregnancy, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (Nice) says, and then only by around 200 calories a day – less than an average chocolate bar.

Research shows that retaining even one or two pounds after giving birth can make problems more likely in a subsequent pregnancy, experts said, with women who have several children facing a “slippery slope” if they continue to gain weight each time.

But Nice also warns against trying to lose weight too quickly, and says media stories about celebrity claims of “unrealistic and rapid weight loss” after pregnancy were unhelpful. “This may create additional pressure on women to lose weight inappropriately at an already stressful time,” its guidance says. Pregnant women should also be told that moderate physical activity, like cycling to work, will not harm them or their unborn children.

The document, which outlines the importance of achieving a healthy weight and body mass index (BMI) before getting pregnant, is published amid growing evidence of the risks female obesity poses for mother and baby. These include miscarriages, pre-eclampsia, diabetes, and maternal death. Babies born to obese women face a higher risk of death, stillbirth, congenital abnormality, shoulder dystocia – where a baby’s shoulder becomes stuck during birth – and an increased likelihood of childhood obesity.

Statistics suggest 15%-20% of women getting pregnant are overweight or obese, with the number in the obese category estimated to have doubled over the last 20 years. Lucilla Poston, director of maternal and foetal research at King’s College London, said health professionals were dealing with “an epidemic of obesity” among pregnant women that put them at increased risk of “almost every complication in the book”.

She added that implementing the guidance would lead to large cost savings in the medium- to long-term.

http://www.imanka.com/mothers-who-lose-weight-before-further-pregnancy-reduce-risks.html

Oral Sex: What's the Real Risk ?

The chances of HIV being transmitted from an HIV+ person to an HIV-negative person depends on the type of contact. HIV is most easily transmitted through unprotected (no condoms) anal sex, unprotected vaginal sex, and sharing injection drug equipment.

Oral sex has been shown to be less risky than these activities, but it is not risk-free. It is also possible to get other sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs), such as syphilis, herpes, and gonorrhea through oral sex.

Studies on the Risks of Oral Sex

Even though oral sex is a lower-risk activity, people have reportedly become infected with HIV in this way. A number of studies have tried to determine the exact level of risk of oral sex, but it can be difficult to get accurate information from study participants. Since oral sex is not the only sexual activity for most people, it is also difficult to single out oral sex as the definite way HIV was transmitted. Because of these issues, different studies have reported different levels of risk ranging from less than 1% to about 8%.

The take home message of these studies is that oral sex carries a small but real risk.

Tips for Safer Oral Sex

Oral sex is more risky if you or your partner have an untreated STD, bad oral hygiene (bleeding gums, ulcers, gum disease), or take ejaculate (cum) in the mouth. There are things you can do to reduce the risk associated with oral sex:

• Don't have oral sex if you or your partner have mouth sores (such as oral herpes lesions).
• Look at your partner's genitals for lesions (cuts or scrapes).
  • If you find something, don't believe your partner if he or she tells you it was caused by the heat, the weather, or clothes. You should avoid any contact with the area until a health care worker has examined it.
• Don't floss, brush your teeth, or do anything that would create abrasions or cuts in your mouth before performing oral sex. Use mouthwash or a breath mint instead.
• Avoid swallowing pre-cum, semen, or vaginal fluids.
• Use latex condoms for oral sex on a man (try the unlubricated, flavored ones).
  • If you perform oral sex without a condom, finish up with your hand, or spit semen out and rinse with a mouthwash rather than swallowing.
• Use a dental dam or cut-open condom for oral sex on a woman or for rimming (licking the anus).
  • Dental dams are squares made from latex. Put some water-based lube on one side of the dental dam or a condom that has been cut open. Then stretch the dam or condom over the vagina or anus with the lubed side facing down. This gives you a thin barrier between your mouth and the vagina or anus. (Some people use plastic food wrap as a barrier. While plastic wrap has been shown to prevent the transmission of herpes infections, there is no proof that it will prevent the transmission of HIV.)
• Avoid vaginal oral sex during menstruation to prevent contact with blood.
• Take care of your mouth. The likelihood of oral HIV transmission increases if you have bleeding gums, ulcers, cuts, sores, or infections in the mouth.
• Find alternatives
  • Try massage or mutual masturbation.
  • Use a vibrator (use a condom when sharing).
• Avoid vigorous, prolonged oral sex ("deep-throating").
• Avoid mouth or throat trauma caused by a large number of partners in a short period of time.

Taking Care of Yourself

Any type of sexual activity with an infected person carries a risk of HIV transmission. While the risk of becoming infected through unprotected oral sex is lower than that of unprotected anal or vaginal sex, bad oral hygiene and taking cum in your mouth makes oral sex more risky.

Source : http://www.thebody.com/content/art58210.html#tips

If you or your partner is HIV+, you should decide what steps to take to make all types of sex as safe as possible. If you would like to discuss these issues, see a sex educator or health care provider at your local AIDS service organization or treatment center.

Oral Sex: What's the Real Risk ?

The chances of HIV being transmitted from an HIV+ person to an HIV-negative person depends on the type of contact. HIV is most easily transmitted through unprotected (no condoms) anal sex, unprotected vaginal sex, and sharing injection drug equipment.

Oral sex has been shown to be less risky than these activities, but it is not risk-free. It is also possible to get other sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs), such as syphilis, herpes, and gonorrhea through oral sex.

Studies on the Risks of Oral Sex

Even though oral sex is a lower-risk activity, people have reportedly become infected with HIV in this way. A number of studies have tried to determine the exact level of risk of oral sex, but it can be difficult to get accurate information from study participants. Since oral sex is not the only sexual activity for most people, it is also difficult to single out oral sex as the definite way HIV was transmitted. Because of these issues, different studies have reported different levels of risk ranging from less than 1% to about 8%.

The take home message of these studies is that oral sex carries a small but real risk.

Tips for Safer Oral Sex

Oral sex is more risky if you or your partner have an untreated STD, bad oral hygiene (bleeding gums, ulcers, gum disease), or take ejaculate (cum) in the mouth. There are things you can do to reduce the risk associated with oral sex:

• Don't have oral sex if you or your partner have mouth sores (such as oral herpes lesions).
• Look at your partner's genitals for lesions (cuts or scrapes).
  • If you find something, don't believe your partner if he or she tells you it was caused by the heat, the weather, or clothes. You should avoid any contact with the area until a health care worker has examined it.
• Don't floss, brush your teeth, or do anything that would create abrasions or cuts in your mouth before performing oral sex. Use mouthwash or a breath mint instead.
• Avoid swallowing pre-cum, semen, or vaginal fluids.
• Use latex condoms for oral sex on a man (try the unlubricated, flavored ones).
  • If you perform oral sex without a condom, finish up with your hand, or spit semen out and rinse with a mouthwash rather than swallowing.
• Use a dental dam or cut-open condom for oral sex on a woman or for rimming (licking the anus).
  • Dental dams are squares made from latex. Put some water-based lube on one side of the dental dam or a condom that has been cut open. Then stretch the dam or condom over the vagina or anus with the lubed side facing down. This gives you a thin barrier between your mouth and the vagina or anus. (Some people use plastic food wrap as a barrier. While plastic wrap has been shown to prevent the transmission of herpes infections, there is no proof that it will prevent the transmission of HIV.)
• Avoid vaginal oral sex during menstruation to prevent contact with blood.
• Take care of your mouth. The likelihood of oral HIV transmission increases if you have bleeding gums, ulcers, cuts, sores, or infections in the mouth.
• Find alternatives
  • Try massage or mutual masturbation.
  • Use a vibrator (use a condom when sharing).
• Avoid vigorous, prolonged oral sex ("deep-throating").
• Avoid mouth or throat trauma caused by a large number of partners in a short period of time.

Taking Care of Yourself

Any type of sexual activity with an infected person carries a risk of HIV transmission. While the risk of becoming infected through unprotected oral sex is lower than that of unprotected anal or vaginal sex, bad oral hygiene and taking cum in your mouth makes oral sex more risky.

Source : http://www.thebody.com/content/art58210.html#tips

If you or your partner is HIV+, you should decide what steps to take to make all types of sex as safe as possible. If you would like to discuss these issues, see a sex educator or health care provider at your local AIDS service organization or treatment center.

5 Natural Asthma Treatment Tips

Managing asthma is extremely important if you are a sufferer and wish to limit your attacks and live a normal healthy life. While detailed discussion of extensive natural asthma treatment options for asthma are not possible within this short article I will outline below a number of sensible options to follow which should help get your asthma management headed in the right direction. There are a number of common sense steps that you can take which will greatly improve your asthma and make your life a whole lot easier. Here are a few:

1. Breathing Exercises - One of the side-effects of asthma is weakened chest muscles which limits your ability to breathe deeply, particularly when you are experiencing an attack. Doing deep breathing exercises regularly will greatly help your ability to manage your asthma attacks.

2. Knowledge - The key to managing your asthma is your understanding. By learning as much as you can about the condition as you can and by doing so you'll be able to manage it more easily.

3. Home Remedies - These types of remedies are always popular for lots of conditions and asthma is no exception. Provided you are careful that the remedy does not contain any triggers or ingredients that you are allergic too these can be helpful in managing asthma.

4. Exercise - Being generally fit and healthy is important for you as a sufferer and a great first step toward asthma treatment. As you become fitter you are strengthening all your muscles but particularly those involved in breathing.

5. Healthy Diet - Maintaining a healthy diet is also very important for your general health and keeping your asthma under control. It is important however to be wary of what types of foods and ingredients can trigger your asthma attacks so you can eliminate them from your diet.

6. Herbal Treatments - Herbal remedies have long been used to treat asthma and can be very effective. The only caution is to be careful not to take any herbs which could trigger an attack.

Finding an effective asthma treatment is a matter of taking the information available and coming up with the best plan to manage it based on your own personal symptoms and reactions to certain triggers. Following the tips outlines above is a great start to reducing both the frequency and severity of your attacks. Once you have implemented some of these you may wish to make further improvements by utilizing some of the numerous natural asthma cures on the market.

To take the next step and read some reviews of the top natural asthma treatments available go now to http://www.asthmatreatmentsreviews.com

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Colin_Wolfenden

5 Natural Asthma Treatment Tips

Managing asthma is extremely important if you are a sufferer and wish to limit your attacks and live a normal healthy life. While detailed discussion of extensive natural asthma treatment options for asthma are not possible within this short article I will outline below a number of sensible options to follow which should help get your asthma management headed in the right direction. There are a number of common sense steps that you can take which will greatly improve your asthma and make your life a whole lot easier. Here are a few:

1. Breathing Exercises - One of the side-effects of asthma is weakened chest muscles which limits your ability to breathe deeply, particularly when you are experiencing an attack. Doing deep breathing exercises regularly will greatly help your ability to manage your asthma attacks.

2. Knowledge - The key to managing your asthma is your understanding. By learning as much as you can about the condition as you can and by doing so you'll be able to manage it more easily.

3. Home Remedies - These types of remedies are always popular for lots of conditions and asthma is no exception. Provided you are careful that the remedy does not contain any triggers or ingredients that you are allergic too these can be helpful in managing asthma.

4. Exercise - Being generally fit and healthy is important for you as a sufferer and a great first step toward asthma treatment. As you become fitter you are strengthening all your muscles but particularly those involved in breathing.

5. Healthy Diet - Maintaining a healthy diet is also very important for your general health and keeping your asthma under control. It is important however to be wary of what types of foods and ingredients can trigger your asthma attacks so you can eliminate them from your diet.

6. Herbal Treatments - Herbal remedies have long been used to treat asthma and can be very effective. The only caution is to be careful not to take any herbs which could trigger an attack.

Finding an effective asthma treatment is a matter of taking the information available and coming up with the best plan to manage it based on your own personal symptoms and reactions to certain triggers. Following the tips outlines above is a great start to reducing both the frequency and severity of your attacks. Once you have implemented some of these you may wish to make further improvements by utilizing some of the numerous natural asthma cures on the market.

To take the next step and read some reviews of the top natural asthma treatments available go now to http://www.asthmatreatmentsreviews.com

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Colin_Wolfenden

Asthma Emergency Treatment

By Lee Andersons

If you know someone that suffers from asthma you will want to know as much as you can about asthma emergency treatment. There are a number of things that you will need to do in order to help the person in need. What you have to remember that people who are going through an asthma attack are not able to breath, which is why you will want to know what to do without needing to ask them. Asthma emergency treatment is not hard to learn, so we will walk you through some of the step below.

Now, you are walking down the road with a friend that was diagnosed with asthma, or you walk pass a person you have never met, walking along when all of a sudden her or she start to grasp for breath. What do you do? do you try to find out what is wrong? Of course you do. The only thing is that you cannot assume that this person has asthma, if you do not know the person. He or she may have been stung by a bee and is allergic to bees.

Bee stings are known to cause respiratory failure in people who are allergic. So the first thing that you are going to have to do is learn, from the person, what the problem is. However, most of the time the person ill not be able to talk, so find a pen and paper and do it quickly.

You have to remember that you need to work fast, because you only have about four minute before that person is rendered unconscious from shortness of breath. The other thing that you will need to know is that you will not be able to do CPR on a person who is in the middle of an asthma attack, because the airway is inflamed, so you will need to get the inflammation down, but the only way to do that is if that person take a dose from his or her inhaler. The other problem is that you cannot administer the inhaler on a person if they are unconscious, so the best solution that you can do is work as fast as you can, before the person looses consciousness.

If there are other people around you could ask if someone else uses a natural inhaler, so that you could use theirs, but most of the time the person going through the attack will have an inhaler, so go through his or her bag and worry about the personal space later.

You also need to know that tapping the person on the back will not do any good, he or she does not have something stuck in a throat.

If you follow these simple guidelines for asthma emergency treatment control you will find that you can get the person in the attack through it. You just have to keep yourself calm, because if you are calm the other person will be calm with you, but again, do not take too long with finding the solution.

Lee Andersons was born in New York, New York where he was raised in the corporate business environment where both his parents were involved. After inheriting a substantial part of the business, Lee decided to expand the business horizons by traveling to Europe and the Far East. Privileged with enough time to spend with his family, Lee spends the rest between over-viewing his business interests and his other passion, writing.

For more on Lee's views please visit: http://www.asthma-guide.com/asthma-emergency-treatment.html

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Lee_Andersons

Asthma Emergency Treatment

By Lee Andersons

If you know someone that suffers from asthma you will want to know as much as you can about asthma emergency treatment. There are a number of things that you will need to do in order to help the person in need. What you have to remember that people who are going through an asthma attack are not able to breath, which is why you will want to know what to do without needing to ask them. Asthma emergency treatment is not hard to learn, so we will walk you through some of the step below.

Now, you are walking down the road with a friend that was diagnosed with asthma, or you walk pass a person you have never met, walking along when all of a sudden her or she start to grasp for breath. What do you do? do you try to find out what is wrong? Of course you do. The only thing is that you cannot assume that this person has asthma, if you do not know the person. He or she may have been stung by a bee and is allergic to bees.

Bee stings are known to cause respiratory failure in people who are allergic. So the first thing that you are going to have to do is learn, from the person, what the problem is. However, most of the time the person ill not be able to talk, so find a pen and paper and do it quickly.

You have to remember that you need to work fast, because you only have about four minute before that person is rendered unconscious from shortness of breath. The other thing that you will need to know is that you will not be able to do CPR on a person who is in the middle of an asthma attack, because the airway is inflamed, so you will need to get the inflammation down, but the only way to do that is if that person take a dose from his or her inhaler. The other problem is that you cannot administer the inhaler on a person if they are unconscious, so the best solution that you can do is work as fast as you can, before the person looses consciousness.

If there are other people around you could ask if someone else uses a natural inhaler, so that you could use theirs, but most of the time the person going through the attack will have an inhaler, so go through his or her bag and worry about the personal space later.

You also need to know that tapping the person on the back will not do any good, he or she does not have something stuck in a throat.

If you follow these simple guidelines for asthma emergency treatment control you will find that you can get the person in the attack through it. You just have to keep yourself calm, because if you are calm the other person will be calm with you, but again, do not take too long with finding the solution.

Lee Andersons was born in New York, New York where he was raised in the corporate business environment where both his parents were involved. After inheriting a substantial part of the business, Lee decided to expand the business horizons by traveling to Europe and the Far East. Privileged with enough time to spend with his family, Lee spends the rest between over-viewing his business interests and his other passion, writing.

For more on Lee's views please visit: http://www.asthma-guide.com/asthma-emergency-treatment.html

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Lee_Andersons

Nursing Theory

Nursing theory is the term given to the body of knowledge that is used to support nursing practice. In their professional education nurses will study a range of interconnected subjects which can be applied to the practice setting. This knowledge may be derived from experiential learning, from formal sources such as nursing research or from non-nursing sources. To speak of nursing theory is often difficult. Nursing is many things to many people. Most universally agreed upon is that Nursing is a science involving people, environment and process fueled by a vision of transcendence in the context of healthcare. It is interesting to note that 90% of all Nursing theories have been generated in the last 20 years. Many schools encourage students to formulate personal philosophies or mid-range theories of Nursing as part of their curriculum. Some might argue that this multiplicity of theory is detrimental to the practice and undermines common vision. Others would say that the nature of the young science is sufficiently far reaching to require such tactics to elicit true consensus.

Nursing models are conceptual models, constructed of theories and concepts. They are used to help nurses assess, plan, and implement patient care by providing a framework within which to work. They also help nurses achieve uniformity and seamless care.

en.wikipedia.org

Nursing Theory

Nursing theory is the term given to the body of knowledge that is used to support nursing practice. In their professional education nurses will study a range of interconnected subjects which can be applied to the practice setting. This knowledge may be derived from experiential learning, from formal sources such as nursing research or from non-nursing sources. To speak of nursing theory is often difficult. Nursing is many things to many people. Most universally agreed upon is that Nursing is a science involving people, environment and process fueled by a vision of transcendence in the context of healthcare. It is interesting to note that 90% of all Nursing theories have been generated in the last 20 years. Many schools encourage students to formulate personal philosophies or mid-range theories of Nursing as part of their curriculum. Some might argue that this multiplicity of theory is detrimental to the practice and undermines common vision. Others would say that the nature of the young science is sufficiently far reaching to require such tactics to elicit true consensus.

Nursing models are conceptual models, constructed of theories and concepts. They are used to help nurses assess, plan, and implement patient care by providing a framework within which to work. They also help nurses achieve uniformity and seamless care.

en.wikipedia.org

Examples of Nursing Models

The models used vary greatly between institutions and countries. However, different branches of nursing have different "preferred" nursing models. These are summarized below :

Family nursing

* Family centered care
* Self - care deficit

Psychiatric nursing

* Roy's model of nursing
* Tidal Model

Children's nursing

* Casey's model of nursing

Prenatal nursing

* Ramona T Mercer maternal role attainment

Adult nursing

* Nightingale's model of nursing
* Roper, Logan and Tierney
* Orem's Model of Nursing

Community and rehabilitation nursing

* Orem's Model of Nursing

Critical care nursing

* Synergy model of nursing

Holistic nursing

* Rogers: Science of Unitary Human Beings
* McGill Model of Nursing
* Parse: Human Becoming
* Erickson, Tomlin & Swain: Modeling and Role-Modeling
* Newman: Health as Expanding Consciousness
* Paterson & Zderad: Humanistic Nursing
* Boykin & Schoenhofer: Nursing as Caring

Read More

Examples of Nursing Models

The models used vary greatly between institutions and countries. However, different branches of nursing have different "preferred" nursing models. These are summarized below :

Family nursing

* Family centered care
* Self - care deficit

Psychiatric nursing

* Roy's model of nursing
* Tidal Model

Children's nursing

* Casey's model of nursing

Prenatal nursing

* Ramona T Mercer maternal role attainment

Adult nursing

* Nightingale's model of nursing
* Roper, Logan and Tierney
* Orem's Model of Nursing

Community and rehabilitation nursing

* Orem's Model of Nursing

Critical care nursing

* Synergy model of nursing

Holistic nursing

* Rogers: Science of Unitary Human Beings
* McGill Model of Nursing
* Parse: Human Becoming
* Erickson, Tomlin & Swain: Modeling and Role-Modeling
* Newman: Health as Expanding Consciousness
* Paterson & Zderad: Humanistic Nursing
* Boykin & Schoenhofer: Nursing as Caring

Read More